Eksplorasi Natural Adjuvant Vaksin melalui Pendekatan Integratif Identifikasi Lapangan, Meta-Analisis dan Filogenetika
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62112/biosilampari.v8i2.679Kata Kunci:
Vaccine adjuvants, Local plant biodiversity, Flavonoids, Phylogenetic analysisAbstrak
Vaccination remains the primary strategy for controlling infectious diseases, yet the move to highly purified antigens requires the development of effective adjuvants to boost immunogenicity. Synthetic adjuvants often face limitations due to side effects and production costs, creating interest in natural bioactive compounds from local biodiversity. This study aims to explore and map the potential of local plants as sources of vaccine adjuvants using an integrative field-and-bioinformatics approach. Direct field exploration and morphological identification were conducted on 41 local plant species. This was integrated with a systematic meta-analysis of bioactive profiles and phylogenetic analysis to evaluate the evolutionary distribution of adjuvant candidates. The analysis identified 10 different classes of bioactive compounds across the surveyed flora. Flavonoids appeared as the most common type found in 20 species, followed by alkaloids which found in 6 species, while terpenoids, triterpenoids, and phenolics were respectively identified in 3 species. Other identified compounds included tannins, saponins, iso-flavonoids, steroids, and naphthoquinones. Phylogenetic mapping revealed that these potential adjuvants are distributed across 23 botanical families, showing that these local plants have evolved to posses diverse immune-boosting compounds. The diversity of bioactive compounds, particularly the predominance of flavonoids, highlights the significant potential of local flora for future vaccine formulation. Utilizing these indigenous resources can enhance local vaccine production capabilities and improve global vaccine accessibility.
Referensi
Abdallah, I. I., & Quax, W. J. (2017). A Glimpse into the Biosynthesis of Terpenoids. NRLS Conference Proceedings, International Conference on Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 2017, 81–98. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i5.981
Bullen, M., Heriot, G. S., & Jamrozik, E. (2023). Herd immunity , vaccination and moral obligation. 2, 636–641. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2022-108485
Bulut, M., Naake, T., Auria, J. C. D., Fernie, A. R., Scossa, F., & Fernie, A. R. (2026). Convergence and parallelism in the evolution of plant metabolism. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 68(4), 1013–1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.70236
Chen, K., Wang, N., Zhang, X., Wang, M., Liu, Y., & Shi, Y. (2023). Potentials of saponins-based adjuvants for nasal vaccines. Front. Immunol., 14(March), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153042
Chukwudozie, O. S., Duru, V. C., Ndiribe, C. C., Aborode, A. T., Oyebanji, V. O., & Emikpe, B. O. (2021). The Relevance of Bioinformatics Applications in the Discovery of Vaccine Candidates and Potential Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment. Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, 15, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/11779322211002168
Cole, T. J., Short, K. A., & Hooper, S. B. (2019). Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine The science of steroids. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, xxxx, 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2019.05.005
Davies, K. M., Andre, C. M., Kulshrestha, S., Zhou, Y., Schwinn, K. E., Albert, N. W., Chagné, D., Klink, J. W. Van, Kulshrestha, S., Zhou, Y., Ke, S., Nw, A., Chagné, D., Jw, V. K., Landi, M., & Jl, B. (2024). The evolution of flavonoid biosynthesis. The Evolution of Flavonoid Biosynthesis, 379, 20230361. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2023.0361
Dong, H., & Qi, X. (2025). ScienceDirect Plant Biology Biosynthesis of triterpenoids in plants : Pathways , regulation , and biological functions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 85, 102701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102701
Fan, X., Liu, F., Sun, F., Wang, Y., Shen, W., Wang, S., Sun, J., & Wang, K. (2025). Natural vaccine adjuvants from traditional Chinese medicines : Mechanisms to applications. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 15(9), 4644–4672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2025.06.021
Gao, Y., & Guo, Y. (2023). Research progress in the development of natural- product-based mucosal vaccine adjuvants. April, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152855
Handoko, L. T. (2024). BRIN Identifikasi 30.000 Spesies Biodiversitas, Indonesia Bisa Ciptakan Kedaulatan Obat. https://brin.go.id
Hoskin, D. W., & Coombs, M. R. P. (2022). Editorial : Immune Modulation by Flavonoids. 13(April), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5414
Ikram, M., Khalid, B., Batool, M., Ullah, M., Zitong, J., Rauf, A., Junaid, M., Ur, H., Kuai, J., Xu, Z., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Zhou, G., & Wang, B. (2025). Plant Stress Secondary metabolites as biostimulants in salt stressed plants : mechanisms of oxidative defense and signal transduction. Plant Stress, 16(February), 100891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2025.100891
Jahan, K. A., Kumar, A., Dhama, N., Pathak, M., & Kumar, S. (2024). Synthesis , Characterization , and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Naphthoquinone Derivatives for Pharmacological Assessment. 19(2), 454–467.
Ji, Q., Wang, S., Ma, J., & Liu, Q. (2020). of. Immunology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2020.07.002
Kalli, S., Cloutier, C. A., Hageman, J., & Vincken, J. P. (2021). Insights into the molecular properties underlying antibacterial activity of prenylated ( iso ) flavonoids against MRSA. Scientific Reports, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92964-9
Lavelle, E. C., & Mcentee, C. P. (2024). Review Vaccine adjuvants : Tailoring innate recognition to send the right message. Immunity, 57(4), 772–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.015
Letsiou, S., Madesis, P., Vasdekis, E., Montemurro, C., Grigoriou, M. E., Skavdis, G., Moussis, V., Koutelidakis, A. E., & Tzakos, A. G. (2024). applied sciences DNA Barcoding as a Plant Identification Method. 1–12.
Liu, Y., Chen, Y., & Han, L. (2023). Bioinformatics : Advancing biomedical discovery and innovation in the era of big data and artificial intelligence. 1(Figure 1), 1–3.
Liu, Y., & Jiao, A. (2025). Flavonoids as Immunoregulators : Molecular Mechanisms in Regulating Immune Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications in In fl ammatory Diseases. October. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1703672
Mohammed, N. J., Al-behadili, W. A. A., & Al-fahham, A. A. (2024). The Chemical Structure , Classification and Clinical Significance of Alkaloids. 03(10), 760–764.
Morsy, M. A., Patel, S. S., El-sheikh, A. A. K., Savjani, J. K., Nair, A. B., Shah, J. N., & Venugopala, K. N. (2019). Computational and Biological Comparisons of Plant Steroids as Modulators of Inflammation through Interacting with Glucocorticoid Receptor. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3041438
Nguyen, L. T., Fărcaș, A. C., Socaci, S. A., Tofană, M., Diaconeasa, M., & Oana, L. (2020). An Overview of Saponins – A Bioactive Group. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst
Peletta, A., Courant, T., Collin, N., & Borchard, G. (2023). Meeting vaccine formulation challenges in an emergency setting : Towards the development of accessible vaccines. 189(August 2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106699
Purwitasari, N., Siswodihardjo, S., & Alhoot, M. A. (2023). Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences Pharmacological Potential of Some Indonesian Medicinal Plants as Promising Options for COVID-19 During the Pandemic Era : A Literature Review. 6, 2735–2749. https://doi.org/10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2023.11.18
Rezvani, L. (2023). Physiology Detailed Study about Tannins in Plant Chemistry. 11(1000289), 10–11. https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-9029.23.11.2
Roslim, D. I., Fauzan, M., Taufik, M. E., Khairi, H. A. L., Safarrida, A., Lestari, W., Sofiyanti, N., Effendi, A., Novita, L., Reninta, R., & Altuhaish, A. A. F. (2025). Evaluation of the Maman Plant from Riau with RBCL, ITS, and their Combination as DNA Barcodes. 57, 1070–1080.
Sa, W., Bolt, E. E., Rodne, J., Chan, J., Connor, R., Fine, A. M., Funk, K., Hoffman, J., Kannan, S., Kelly, C., Klimke, W., Kim, S., Lathr, S., Mur, T. D., Sulliv, O., Schmieder, E., Stine, A., Thibaud-nissen, F., Wang, J., … Pruit, K. D. (2025). Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in 2025. 53, 20–29.
Saidon, N. A., Wagiran, A., Samad, A. F. A., Salleh, F. M., Mohamed, F., Jani, J., & Linatoc, A. C. (2023). DNA Barcoding, Phylogenetic Analysis and Secondary Structure Predictions of Nepenthes ampullaria, Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes rafflesiana. 4–7.
Sattar, S., Salman, N. A., Dawood, F. A., & Al-fahham, A. A. (2024). The Chemical Structure and Clinical Significance of Phenolic Compounds. 03(10), 741–745.
Shen, N., Wang, T., Gan, Q., Liu, S., Wang, L., & Jin, B. (2022). Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 383(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132531
Sinani, G., & Şenel, S. (2025). Advances in vaccine adjuvant development and future perspectives. Drug Delivery, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2025.2517137
Sorrenti, V., Bur, I., & Consoli, V. (2023). Recent Advances in Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds from Food Wastes and By-Products : Biochemical Aspects. 24(2019).
Sugiharto, R. P., Geologi, J. T., Pasean, F., & Pengendapan, L. (2021). Pemetaan Geologi dan Analisis Petrrografi untuk Menentukan Diagenesa Batugamping pada Formasi Pasean Daerah Guluk-Guluk dan Sekitarnya Kabupaten Sumenep Provinsi Jawa Timur. Seminar Nasional Sains Dan Teknologi Terapan IX, ISSN 2682-, 598–613.
Wang, L., Li, C., & Luo, K. (2024). Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of iso fl avonoids in model plants and crops : a review. June, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1384091
Woods, N., Niwasabutra, K., Acevedo, R., Igoli, J., Altwaijry, N. A., Tusiimire, Gray, A. I., Watson, D. G., & Ferro1, V. A. (2020). Natural Vaccine Adjuvants and Immunopotentiators Derived From Plants , Fungi , Marine Organisms , and Insects. January.
Yang, W., Chen, X., Li, Y., Guo, S., Wang, Z., & Yu, X. (2020). Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids. 15(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X20903555
Zhao, T. (2023). Vaccine adjuvants : mechanisms and platforms. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 8(17), 283. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01557-7
Zou, M., Lei, C., Huang, D., Liu, L., & Han, Y. (2024). Application of plant-derived products as adjuvants for immune activation and vaccine development. Vaccine, 42(25), 126115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.016
